Learn how to calculate Value at Risk (VaR) to effectively assess financial risks in portfolios, using historical, variance-covariance, and Monte Carlo methods.

Let's go over how to calculate the historical variance of stock returns as we work through an example step by step.

Markowitz's celebrated mean-variance portfolio optimization theory assumes that the means and covariances of the underlying asset returns are known. In practice, they are unknown and have to be ...

This paper shows how to perform sensitivity analysis for Mean-Variance (MV) portfolio problems using a general form of parametric quadratic programming. The analysis allows an investor to examine how ...