Valence electrons — the outermost electrons in ... To map this electron cloud, the team ran quantum mechanical simulations to ...

[2] Experimental and theoretical study of the valence electronic structure of propane by electron momentum spectroscopy. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena (2018).

Valence electrons, located in the outermost shell of an atom, play an important role in driving chemical reactions and forming bonds with other atoms.

Taking final-state effects into account low activity was correlated with higher-than-expected Pd 3d binding energy, which is attributed to a particularly stable valence electronic structure; electron ...